A Level Biology revision notes made for the AQA exam boards. This covers all the topics and modules for all specifications including 2410, 7401, 7402.
Topics that are covered include: 3.1 – Biological Molecules; 3.2 – Cells; 3.3 – Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment; 3.4 – Genetic Information, Variation and Relationships Between Organisms; 3.5 – Energy Transfers In and Between Organisms; 3.6 – Organisms Respond to Changes in their Internal and External Environments; 3.7 – Genetics, Populations, Evolution and Ecosystems; and 3.8 – The Control of Gene Expression.
3.1 – Biological Molecules Revision Notes:
- ATP
- Carbohydrates
- Inorganic ions
- Lipids
- Many proteins are enzymes
- Many proteins are enzymes
- Nucleic acids
- Proteins
3.2 – Cells Revision Notes:
- All cells arise from other cells
- Cell recognition and the immune system
- Methods of studying cells
- Structure of eukaryotic cells
- Structure of prokaryotic cells
- Transport across membranes
3.3 – Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment Revision Notes:
- Digestion and absorption
- Gas exchange
- Mass transport in animals – Heart disease
- Mass transport in plants
- Surface area to volume ratio
3.4 – Genetic Information, Variation and Relationships Between Organisms Revision Notes:
- Biodiversity within a community
- DNA, genes and chromosome
- Genetic diversity and adaptation
- Genetic diversity can arise as a result of mutation or meiosis
- Investigating diversity
- Species and taxonomy
3.5 – Energy Transfers In and Between Organisms Revision Notes:
- Agricultural Ecosystems
- Anaerobic Resipiration
- Control of Agricultural Pests
- Control of Agricultural Pests
- Ecological Pyramids
- Electron Transport Chain
- Energy and Ecosystems
- Energy Transfer Between Trophic Levels
- Environmental Consequences of Using Nitrogen Fertilisers
- Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Food Chains and Food Webs
- Global Warming
- Glycolysis
- Intensive Rearing of Domestic Livestock
- Krebs Cycle
- Link Reaction
- Natural and Artificial Fertilisers
- Natural Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycle
- Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis
- Production of ATP in Respiration
- Respiration
- Respiration
- The Carbon Cycle
- The Carbon Cycle
- The Carbon Cycle
- The Greenhouse Effect
- The Light-Dependent Reaction
- The Nitrogen Cycle
3.6 – Organisms Respond to Changes in their Internal and External Environments Revision Notes:
- Control of blood glucose concentration
- Control of blood water potential
- Control of heart rate
- Nerve impulses
- Principals of homeostasis and negative feedback
- Receptors
- Skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract by nerves and act as effectors
- Survival and response
- Synaptic transmission
3.7 – Genetics, Populations, Evolution and Ecosystems Revision Notes:
3.8 – The Control of Gene Expression Revision Notes:
- Alternation of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins
- Gene expression is controlled by a number of features – gene and cancer
- Gene expression is controlled by a number of features – most of the cell’s DNA is not translated
- Gene expression is controlled by a number of features – regulation of transcription and translation
- Gene technologies allow the study and alteration of gene function allowing a better understanding of organism function and the design of new industrial and medical processes – differences in DNA between individuals of the same species can be exploited for identification and diagnosis of heritable conditions
- Gene technologies allow the study and alteration of gene function allowing a better understanding of organism function and the new design of industrial and medical processes – genetic fingerprinting
- Gene technologies allow the study of gene function allowing a better understanding of organism function and the new design of industrial and medical processes – recombinant DNA technology
- Using genome projects
